The West Sumatra province was inspected from the astronomical location was between 0055 L.U. and 2035 L.S. and 990 10 B.T. till 101055 B.T. according to his administrative location of this province on the east shared a border with Riau, next south shared a border with the Jambi province and Bengkulu as well as on the west was restricted by the Indonesian Ocean. Some were big his territory consisted of the area and the plateau of mountains that were part of the Line's Hill. And some plains with the area of the coast. The West Sumatra area very rich with the panorama where high mountains soared with the dense forest that still pure, paddy-fields berjenjang, changed green and fertile with the lake as well as his gorge was beauty of the nature that astonished.
High mountains among them Mount Merapi, Singgalang, sago, Talang, Kerinci et cetera as well as the Singkarak lake, Maninjau the lake above and the lake below, also had the islands in the Mentawai island and the very small island other. His flora wealth covered various trees that grew in the forests, the fruit tree, various sorts flower-bungaan as well as the orchid. Likewise his fauna from the wild animal kind like the tiger, the macaque, the wild boar, the siamang et cetera as well as various available birds kinds in the forest, to the animal peliharaan enriched the West Sumatra fauna kind.
His inhabitants most consisted of the Minangkabau ethnic group so as West Sumatra also was known with the Minangkabau area or Ranah Minang. The Minangkabau person always believing that from their ancestors from nagari Pariaman Long that was located on the west of Mount Merapi. This area was the first plain was inhabited by the Diraja Emperor who came from Riau with the wife and his party. His descendants it was considered to their ancestors moved from the place and spread to the available area of the spreading now that is bubak, durek and the coast. The silent inhabitants in the coast or West Coast West Sumatra, came from the land. Some areas of the land automatically it was considered the area or the main area of the origin the Minangkabau community.
In accordance with his condition for the nature some were big the inhabitants's livelihood was dibidang agriculture, livestock breeding, fisheries as well as the rest as the trader, the worker et cetera. With increasingly the shortage as well as the wish of the area to fast received the wealth, the field of agriculture less ditekuni, they moved to the sector and education of the trade. Besides this also developing the handicraft and the small industry as the additional livelihood. The mobility of the person in Minangkabau very high because generally they had the spirit of the expatriate.
The Minangkabau community was known with the system of the matrilineal affinity, where in this system of the heirloom wealth, the degree and the name kesukuan for generations according to the family tree of the line of the mother. The brother from the mother was mentioned "mamak" and that was put in charge among mamak or ninik mamak was mentioned Datuk or the Village Chief, that was appointed officially. Ninik mamak this was responsible for the harmony and welfare of the relatives and his nephew as well as the safety of the heirloom wealth. Nevertheless not this means that the free man bore he replied on the family in his environment of the wife's child personally, so as here was needed by the policy in building the child and his nephew, in accordance with the "palm wine" saying "in the lap, the nephew was led" that meaning that both of them must be paid attention to.
In accordance with the line of the matrilineal descendants then the marriage must outside the ethnic group, and the ideal marriage was a man with the girl mamak. The pattern of stabilising after being married was uxorilokal that is in the house of the female team.
The Minangkabau community generally the Islam adherent of the religion that obeyed and held firm his tradition, this was stated in his philosophy that sounded: the Tradition was based on the history, the history was based on Allah's Book. His intention to all the provision of the life was arranged by the provisions of the history, and the history originated in Alquran. Because of that the rules in the tradition and the religion really were honored.
In his life of the Minangkabau person rich would art and various customs and traditions. This was reflected in traditional ceremonies that were carried out in commemorating and celebrating important incidents in connection with the human life-cycle, like the birth or bathing, the marriage ceremony, the ceremony batagak resin, the ceremony of the appointment of the village chief, the ceremony tabut et cetera.
In the artistic field of various Minang dance kinds was enough to be known and enjoyed by the person, whereas music and musical art in part saluang, rabab, talempong, the crow et cetera was traditional Minangkabau art.
Afterwards a form and traditional singing of the dance drama specific Minangkabau was randai that usually is staged in an arena was opened, and the spectator over. About building art, art carved and the painting grew and developed and focussed on the traditional building or the house of the unique tradition and be full of ukiran.
This building art was known with the Gadang House term, meaning that the big house, because in accordance with his function as the family's residence with all of his aspect of the customs and traditions. According to the form, the measurement and the style of the government of the harmony as well as lukak, the house gadang had several names according to the Koto Piliang style of the current harmony of the house gadang him was acknowledged as Garudo tabang, whereas from the Bodi Caniago harmony was mentioned: Garudo manyusukan the child. According to the Lubak style, each one had the special name that is: the Maharam Elephant; the house gadang the Papek Veranda, the house gadang Rajo babandiang.
Apart from the house gadang, the other building was Balairung that is the building to hold a meeting. According to his principle, the building balairung had the special names, that is: the Sarong Hall, the place decided the dispute, the Pasujian Hall namely the place made arrangements that will be treated be based on the conference, the Gadang Hall of the place held a meeting complete to discuss this importance of the provisions and the method of carrying out him was best. Afterwards as accessories of the building of the traditional house, usually was supplemented with rice granaries that were maintained in front of the house that is the building tenpat the storage of rice. This building of his form resembled the house gadang.
West Sumatra regional bridge in the Mini Indonesian Garden Beautiful located on the north arsipel, was adjacent with North Sumatran bridge and Riau regional bridge. This bridge put forward 4 buildings that is the Gadang House, Balairung, rice granaries and Mussala.
The house gadang began to be built in 1974 was supplemented with rice granaries and the water-wheel of the rice pounder and was declared during 1975. The development selanju him was built by Balairung during 1977, but not how old the building of the mother of the house gadang experienced damage to his poles so as to have to be held by the improvement, that was carried out since 1982.
This bridge at the same time was supplemented with Mussala and all of them it was hoped were finished in the Mini Indonesian Anniversary of the Garden Beautiful to X in April 1985. The form of the foundation of the house building gadang was the quadrangle or rectangular, this was determined by the amount of space inside that always odd that is 3, 5, 7, and 9.
In the previous period in fact was that had 17 spaces.
The Gadang house in West Sumatra Bridge was the House Gadang nine spaces four lyrics, that was marked by the rank of the poles in the middle. This house was the house on stilts because of his floor far above the land, and also usual was mentioned the Bagonjong house or the Pointed house, because of his roof was pointed. The curve to his roof resembled the form of water buffalo horns, whereas his house body also buckled, the gradient like the ship body. The form of the wall of the house that grew above was acknowledged as Silek, this to avoid splashed dikala rain.
To climb onto the house gadang must through the ladder that was located in front of the house, and on this ladder was given the roof that esteem highly to the front. The room in the house gadang most were space was opened that is from bandua to the front, and from bandua behind was a row of rooms that was acknowledged as the room.
As restraint or the space arbiter berbilik-room with the room was opened was a beam that higher from the floor was mentioned bandua.
The room size was between the pole stone to the other pole that was acknowledged as space, so as his measurement always same.
Space that his direction was straight with the entrance was not utilised as the room or the bedroom but for the road behind headed the kitchen, or conversely.
When the house gadang that beranjung, then the room on the end right and left the house gadang was acknowledged as the right extension that was mentioned pangka and the left extension was acknowledged as the tip.
Usually this extension of his floor is higher two levels.
The first level was named labuah kido and the second level was named extension space.
Space pangka diperuntukan for the host with his relatives, whereas the extension for the guests.
The room in front of the entrance that projected outside was acknowledged as the hall, same with the veranda.
The functioning room as the bedroom, was located in tapering behind.
This room generally small only for one bed, the cupboard or the case of the place of clothes.
In this space only for the bed and changed clothes could not be used for the other activity.
The available room on the end left or was acknowledged as the starting point was inhabited by the oldest woman, and the room on the end right was inhabited by that young, or for newlyweds.
Whereas the girl slept in the left-hand part or the left-hand extension of the tip house when the house beranjung, then the girls slept in the left-hand extension, whereas the right-hand extension was used as the place of the honour for the Village Chief when the traditional ceremony.
In the everyday life of the right part extension was utilised to place the map of the storage of the swampy forest g-thing costed property of the Group.
The room that was opened had a function of as the place receiving their respective guest in front of their room, also where eating when having the guest. The room that was located in front of the front wall was acknowledged as tapering the bank was the respected place and was allocated for the guest of the man when having the reception. If having the marriage, usually the bridal dais was located on the end of the left-hand house.
The kitchen was built was separated in the house rear that ditempel to the wall. Sometimes from in front was made also the ladder descended with the measurement smaller. Apart from for the place memasak, sometimes was used also as the place ate the mothers with daughters. Whereas his cellar to the place or also the place of the storage of the agricultural equipment of the woman met.
But was also that utilised some of his cellars for the place and the chicken coop as well as the storage of results of the garden of firewood like the coconut, sweet potatoes, et cetera. This cellar of its surrounds was closed with ranjung or sasak that berkisi-grating or the rails.
The big difference to the house building gadang Koto Piliang with Bodi Caniago was located to his floor of the house.
To the Koto Piliaang house of the tip left-right the house in for the extension with raised the floor to two levels/their respective level the level be as high as + 40 cm. This contained the meaning that the Koto Piliang government always from above, everything came from above, the people only an undertook. Whereas to the house gadang Bodi Caniago, the floor and the tip of the house to the starting point all level, in accordance with the government's Tabasiak system from the earth, so everything that will be undertaken came from beneath, or from the people. The ruler only undertook anything that was decided with the people.
The house gadang in Minangkabau not belonging to the individual but property together, a group or pesukuan. The number of houses gadang in a group or pesukuan was determined by the number of the group's members. In accordance with his affinity system that matrilineal, then the house gadang was occupied by the woman with the management of the mother's brother that was mentioned mamak tungganai. The man who was not yet married might not sleep in the house gadang, but in the prayer house that has been made accustomed a short time before. So the function of the prayer house at the same time to learn to recite the Koran was the media of the socialisation of the world. They were taught about the customs and traditions, self-defence knowledge as well as other science.
The house gadang in West Sumatra bridge was not received the room or the bedroom, this was matched with the requirement that is as exhibition space. In space was being exhibited things of results of diligence, the traditional musical equipment among them talempong the bell, woven cloth silungkang, as well as several traditional clothes from each Regency. To left-hand bridge was utilised by the show of bridal dais equipment, pengantin the tradition Padang Pariaman, while right-hand bridge as the Pagaruyung show of the structure of the government of the kingdom with clothed puppets of the tradition. These puppets depicted Rajo nan tigo Suta Balo ampek the Hall that consisted of the minister for religious affairs or the Kadi Host, the minister for finance or Andono, the minister for home affairs that is Mangkudum, Justice Minister that is the Tiah Host and a Commander of the war had a name Pour. Godang seized a named representative of the people of Datuk Bandaro Kuniang.
The second building was Balairung, that is the building that original him functioned as the place of the meeting of the tradition.
In this place of the village chiefs held the meeting about the Nagari affair of the government of the tradition and brought the dispute or the case to court. The Balairung building was the same his form with the house building gadang. As in the case of the house gadang, then this Balairung had the distinction in accordance with their respective harmony current. And the Bodi Caniago harmony, balairung him did not have bridge and his floor was level from the end at the end the building. While the Koto Piliang harmony had ajung and to his two tips of his floor was raised. On the whole the Balairung room was the free room, even sometimes this building not berdingin completely. Then that was present sitting in the floor, or on the hall that was provided from the end to the starting point. The tip part for the Village Chief's Peunak seat that was put in charge. Balairung only might be established in the settlement that berstatus Nagari. To nagari that his inhabitants followed two harmony currents, although the tip balairung his floor was stratified but in the meeting, the stratified floor was not used. This depicted tolerance that it was mentioned in the tradition changed the willingness. In West Sumatra bridge, this Balairung functioned as the place as well as the Minangkabau presentation of regional art of the meeting.
The building of house accessories gadang was rice granaries or the rice barn that were maintained in the front page of the house.
His form resembled the house gadang in the small measurement and the roof him was pointed not bersusun. Usually for them that his paddy-field of the area of rice granaries lined up three, was increased by an amount kapuak or small rice granaries. The three rice granaries were determined by his use, and each having the name. Sitingan Lanik rice granaries were propped up 4, rice supplies in these rice granaries as preparations entertained the guest who came to go through the ocean. Rice granaries Sibayan-parakeet was propped up 6 had a function of for supplies eating everyday. And Sitangka rice granaries lapa was propped up 4 for supplies for them that needed and/or hindered will be lent, as well as preparations when happening the famine.
The Gadang house, Balairung and rice granaries the three of them were given the decoration ukiran-ukiran with the motive that almost same with the traditional colour red, yellow, black and blue. To ganjang, the part that highest from each tip of the roof that appeared above was wrapped in tin, in decorations: gourds, balimbiang, above the earring, and most the tip were made become sharp. The form ganjang with his decoration that resembled the male tip of water buffalo horns, because of this also was mentioned: The sondok langik. Whereas along the curve pemimpiran or the edge of the roof that appeared nearby ditatah with carved tin, was mentioned salue laka, this decoration symbolised the familial rope was not cut off, like that was explicit in his literature art:
Nan basalue nan bak laka
nan bukarik nan bak gagang
Supayo tali nak jan putuih
Supayo kaik-kaik nak jan sakah.
The decoration that berukiran was multitudinous, there is ukiran flat, ukiran penetrated and was also ukiran burnt. The motive ukiran had various things, when being named had 60 kinds ukiran. Most bermotifkan plants and the flower as well as very much-time the motive of the animal. Ukiran besides having a function of as the element of beauty, inside containing the meaning and being kept by the Minangkabau traditional teaching.
For example ukiran had a motive the roots like aka bajulin, aka barayun et cetera was placed in the house part that was easy to be seen, for example to the pole, the main gate and the rice granaries entrance. The intention is, the person before utilised would the idea before taking measures. Whereas low the pole was carved by the cat tidua that was significant must be ready alert towards the enemy's attack.
Ukiran took the form of the flower was placed in doors, windows, the level down to the ridge of the roof, both in the house gadang, balairung and rice granaries. The meaning ukiran this symbolised liked to be viewed and to like to be visited, because some that were given ukiran this was viewed. Ukiran Kaluak of the nail symbolised responsibility a person mamak against the nephew in parents's house, and as the father in his wife's house. Both of them together dilaksankan, so symbolised the feeling and the grouping life of the affinity. Ukiran lamuik hanjuik or washed away moss was significant the Minang person anywhere could adjust. Apart from ukiran the cat slept, the other motive of the animal was kalalawa bagay nik to the triangle above (or closed keyung), itiak came home the bar for the edge each ukiran big or lesplang, the squirrel tatagun to each tip of the side above this means that did a work must be thought about carefully before.
Ukiran titandu went in procession to lesplang significant seiya sekata, et cetera. Ukiran had a motive the crack ketupat was acknowledged as Saik galamai, ukiran the triangle was mentioned puenak rabuang, his decoration for significant outskirts of the life and still many others.
Bendi was the traditional vehicle of the West Sumatra area that till currently still many were utilised. Bendi in this area had the specific characteristics that is having the decoration rumbai-rumbai on the head of the horse, also to bendi that personally with the coloured decoration of cloths warni very interesting. This Bendi took also part in being put forward in the page of bridge apart from kincir the rice pounder with specific West Sumatra hydroelectricity.
On Sunday and West Sumatra days of the bridge holiday always dense with the agenda with dance art and the song with the traditional accompaniment of music and modern. When certain was served also by the show of the traditional ceremony, also Randai drama art that specific that. This bridge often was visited by good guests of the country was official and unofficial. For example the King and the Spanish Queen on November 2 1980, with buried the banyan tree as the symbol of the friendship of the two countries. Moreover visited also the South Korean attorney general during 1976, Foreign Affairs Minister West Germany in 1977, Vice President Yugosslavia during 1980, daughters President Egypt during 1980, the king's Saudi Arabia crown prince, the English RAFTER in 1981 et cetera.
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